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Authors
Liu, Yun
Li, Binghua
Wu, Xiaoran
Xia, Bin
Yang, Xudong
Cheng, Tong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Young Clinical Research Fund of the Chinese Stomatological Association (CSA-A2021-02)
Clinical Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSS-2023CRF107)
Program for Health Technologies Promotion of National Center for Stomatology (2024NCSHTP08)
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2024
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Peking University School of Stomatology Biomedical Ethics Committee (PKUSSIRB-2025109050) and adhered to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its amendments. Informed consent was waived per PKUSSIRB-2025109050 approval and China’s Regulations on Ethical Review of Biomedical Research (2018).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
