Zhang, Baotian https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5043-5618
Cheng, Liandi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8351-8437
Deng, Xiangjin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9769-4402
Xiong, Yutao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-4055
Liu, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-3538
Zeng, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4486-8798
Tang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-2884
Liu, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-8308
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2024NSFSC0659)
West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University (Grant No. RD-03-202303)
National Health Commission Hospital Management Institute “Clinical Application Research Project on Medical Artificial Intelligence” (Grant No. YLXX24AIA009)
Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 26 July 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.