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Authors
Zhu, Guohui
Zhang, Xiao
Chen, Chunxia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
A Key Discipline Construction Cultivation Project in Prosthodontics at Tianjin Stomatology Hospital (22XFZD6)
the Medical Education Research Project of Medical Education Branch of Chinese Medical Association (2023B175)
Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (22JCYBJC01240)
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2024
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 26 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved non-human subjects and did not require institutional review board (IRB) approval. All data used were de-identified and anonymized to protect patient privacy. The use of LLMs complied with the respective providers’ terms of service, including API access agreements and data security protocols. Specifically, no personal health information was input into the models, and all interactions were logged for audit purposes only.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
