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Article History

Received: 17 June 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The Global Burden of Disease Study is a global collaborative scientific effort. We did not consider involving patients when designing the study because we used the secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, and the research question was not directly relevant to environmental heat and cold exposure management for patients. No patients were involved in setting the specific research question, collecting and analyzing the data, interpreting the results, or writing up the manuscript. The institutional review board of the Zhoukou Central Hospital determined that the study did not need ethics approval because it used publicly available data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.