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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, as documented in Meeting No. 97, Clause No. 752, on 30/05/2023. It was conducted in vitro using glazing materials on zirconia samples, with no human participants involved, ensuring compliance with ethical guidelines for laboratory-based research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.