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Authors
Lou, An
Zhu, Xuan
Pei, Hongtai
Zhou, Jing
Li, Ming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Undergraduate Research and Innovation Fund Program of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (2024BKS034)
General Project of University and College Joint Fund of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (2024XYLH298)
Changsha Natural Science Foundation Project (kq2502309)
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Article History
Received: 13 April 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by Medical ethics committee of Changsha Stomatological Hospital. The ethics approval number was (2023) Ethical review [research] No.98, and the date of approval was November 7th, 2023. Since the study did not involve direct intervention to patients, the ethics committee waived prospective informed consent and only required the anonymization of the data (such as removing identifiers like names and hospitalization numbers).
: All clinical data of patients were derived from the hospital’s routine diagnosis and treatment records and have passed ethical review before publication. No additional written consent is required, which complies with the ethical requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki regarding retrospective studies.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
