Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center institutional review board and was exempt from ethical review by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center because the study involved only CBCT data, no experiments on patients, and the names of patients were hidden. An informed consent waiver was approved for this study by Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center institutional review board under Article 10 of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans (2016), which states that retrospective studies using anonymized archival data with minimal risk qualify for exemption. All data were processed in accordance with China’s Personal Information Protection Law (2021, Article 4) to ensure deidentification. No exemption number was assigned as per institutional policy for minimal-risk studies.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: not applicable.