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Article History

Received: 22 May 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during a national oral health survey of Costa Rican preschool children. The original study received ethical approval from the Scientific Ethics Committee of the University of Costa Rica (approval number VI-3058–2012). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to the clinical examinations. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis. All data were anonymized before analysis, and the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.