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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was granted ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University (Approval No. PJ2024-137-001). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All participant data were anonymized to maintain confidentiality. The procedures of this study follow the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.