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Authors
Chung, Hau Man
Ke, Jingjing
Zhang, Mengdan
Kong, Lixian
Zheng, Junming
Xiang, Lusai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81800961)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation—Natural Science Fund Project (2025A1515010904)
International Orthodontics Foundation Young Research (IOF2022Y06)
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 8 September 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
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: The current study is in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Foshan Stomatological Hospital, Foshan University (2024-FSKQ-LW-002, approval date: 03–14-2024). Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants included in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
