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Authors
Hashem, Sarah Salah
Khalefa, Mohammed M.
Mohamed, Mahmoud Hassan
ELSheikh, Hemat M.
Taher, Fatma Abd El-Rahman
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Al-Azhar University
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the research ethics committee (REC) of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, with the primary code (P-EN-21-04) and the final code (REC-PD-25-02a).Consent : the study was performed on extracted teeth. The extracted human teeth used were obtained anonymously from dental clinics, without any identifiable patient data. Therefore, no specific informed consent was required. The study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines for the use of biological tissues.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
