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Authors
Safwat, Hebatullah Ahmad https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4669-4323
Mohammed, Nesreen Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-5879
El-Hady, Asmaa Abd https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9952-2164
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Al-Azhar University
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Article History
Received: 26 April 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in vitro with commercially available Ni–Ti endodontic files. It received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls et al.-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (REC-PD-25–03).
: The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration (from the corresponding author or contributing authors) by another publisher.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
