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Authors
Khurshid, Zohaib https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7998-7335
Faridoon, Fatima
Silkosessak, Onanong Chai-U-Dom
Trachoo, Vorapat
Waqas, Maria
Hasan, Shehzad
Porntaveetus, Thantrira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0145-9801
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Systems Research Institute (68-032, 68-059)
Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (HEA_FF_68_008_3200_001)
Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (DRF69_005)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (HREC-DCU 2024-093). The Institutional Review Board (IRB) waived the need for individual informed consent, as the data used was fully anonymized and did not contain any patient-identifiable information. The data from Pakistan [ ] and the USA [ ] are publicly available. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
