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Authors
Phuensuriya, Jutarat
Thanyasrisung, Panida
Trairatvorakul, Chutima
Punyanirun, Kulnipa
Techatharatip, Oranuch
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty Research Grant, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. (Grant #DRF65023)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ten extracted permanent molars used in this study were collected from the Dental Department at Nongyasai Hospital, Suphan Buri, Thailand. All teeth were extracted for routine clinical reasons unrelated to this study. The hospital provided institutional consent for the use of excess biological material for research purposes in accordance with its policy. All samples were fully anonymized prior to analysis. All methods have been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (HREC-DCU2020-043) and was approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (DENT CU-IBC 032/2020). The requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (HREC-DCU2020-043) due to the use of anonymized human biological material collected as part of routine clinical care.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
