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Authors
Shi-jia, Huang
Ze-long, Hu
Yu-xin, Qian
Ming-zhe, Xin
Bin-hong, Teng
Lei, Jin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771992)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for all CHARLS data investigations was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University, China. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB0000105211015. All data used in this study did not contain identifiable personal or medical information. Consent to participate was not required for this study. According to national regulations and institutional policies, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study because it was based on publicly available data.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
