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Article History

Received: 27 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was secured from the Institutional Review Board of Riyadh Elm University under the title (Effect of Melatonin on the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells- In-vitro study) on 1 Sep 2022 with approval number “FPGRP/2022/693/794/772.”The human cells (hPDLSCs), sourced initially from ScienCell Company, have confirmed that there was initial ethical approval for the collection of human cells and that the donors had signed informed consent. .

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.