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Authors
Li, Kexuan
Chen, Ziqi
Zhang, Lin
He, Yining
Du, Rong
Tang, Yanyi
Shi, Linjun
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved retrospective analysis of anonymized human data and therefore required ethical approval. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (approval no. SH9H-2025-T214-2) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Ethics Committee, because anonymized retrospective data were used in the study. Approval was granted before data analysis commenced and explicitly covered the retrospective use of electronic medical records from 2011 to 2020.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
