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Authors
Aladenika, Emmanuel Temitope
Akinshipo, Warith Olaitan
Adekunle, Adegbayi Adeola
Bakare, Tosin
Busch, Tamara
Effiom, Olajumoke Ajibola
Adeyemo, Wasiu
Butali, Azeez
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approvals were obtained at the local institution review boards (IRBs): Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) (ADM/DSCST/HREC/APP/7496) and Institutional Review Board at the University of Iowa (HawkIRB) (IRB ID #: 202503188. This current study is a retrospective study that involved the use of de-identified data extracted from existing medical and histopathology records. As such, informed consent to participate was waived by both ethics’ committees (HREC at LUTH and HawkIRB) due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data. This waiver is consistent with national guidelines and institutional policies. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 version) and complied with relevant institutional and national regulations regarding research involving human data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
