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Authors
Liu, Xuan
Wang, Bing
Zhang, Zhengyu
Han, Hui
Liu, Zhaolu
Li, Suyun
Yu, Lianlong
Zhang, Panpan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jinan Municipal Health Commission (2024106001)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: The informed consent procedure of this study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Second Medical University, Jinan Stomatological Hospital and Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We only used secondary data from the GBD database. We have no respondents, hence there was no need to request consent to participate. In accordance with the ethical principles in the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided informed consent before participating in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
