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Authors
Madfa, Ahmed A.
Alshammari, Abdullah F.
Alshammari, Basil B.
Alenezi, Tariq M.
Aledaili, Ebtsam A.
Bhagwath, Sundeep S.
Alkurdi, Khlood A.
Al-Haddad, Afaf
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha’il - Saudi Arabia (RG-25 049)
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Ha’il Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia approved the protocol of this study. Informed consent waived as the study retrospective. All methods were performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.
: “Not Applicable”.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
