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Authors
Ibrahim, Gehad Mohamed Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-720X
Abdelhamid, Tarek Abdelhamid
Elgabrouny, Mosaad Ali
Kassem, Amr Abdelaziz Shebl
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Suez Canal University
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was achieved at the Department of Fixed prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, and approved by the Faculty of Dentistry Research Ethics Committee (REC) (approval number 577/2022). All methods were performed following the relevant guidelines and regulations. This in-vitro study did not involve human participants or human data. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, as applicable to experimental research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
