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Authors
Ai, Haisheng
Ma, Xiangtao
Song, Jianing
Guo, Xiaoman
Li, Wei
Wu, Mingxuan
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2024
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: I confrm that I have read the Editorial Policy pages. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University (approval no. [2024] 002). This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
