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Authors
Cai, Ciao-syuan
Li, Huimin
Huang, Yanmei
Luo, Baozhen
Chen, Xuepeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Program of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LZ25H140001)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023QZJH60)
Research and Development Project of Stomatology Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine (RD2022DLYB03)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Stomatology Hospital (Approval No. 2024 − 141(R)) and the Ethics Committee of Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Approval No. KY2025024). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national and institutional guidelines. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and use of anonymized clinical data. No identifiable personal information from individual patients was collected or disclosed.
: Not applicable. Informed consent was waived due to retrospective design of the study and the absence of identifiable patient information.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or other identifying information), thus consent for publication was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
