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Authors
Alshirah, Akram A.
Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan
Al-Ani, Ziad
Banat, Ibrahim M.
O’Hagan, Barry M. G.
Lowry, Deborah
Ternan, Nigel G.
Almasri, Maher
McCarron, Paul A.
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Research Ethics Committee at Ulster University (REC/23/0072) and the College of Medicine and Dentistry, ensuring compliance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. This study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), as revised in 2013.Informed consent was obtained after participants reviewed the eligibility criteria and participant information sheet. Each participant was thoroughly briefed on the study’s purpose, significance and potential risks and then signed the consent form, acknowledging their understanding and voluntary participation, including the option to withdraw at any time.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
