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Authors
Noh, Ha-yun
Kang, Sung Un
Kim, Hee-Kyung
Park, Sun
Kim, Chul-Ho
Kim, Joo-Hee
Lim, Seung-Yoon
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korean Government (RS-2023-00273483)
Hee-Kyung Kim (2022R1F1A1067929)
Chul-Ho Kim (RS-2021-KH113820)
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ajou University Institutional Review Board and adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of extracted human teeth was specifically approved (IRB No. AjouIRB-SM-2024-502). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to tooth extractions, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
