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Authors
Naveed, Maliha
Ahmed, Muhammad Adeel
Syed, Azeem Ul Yaqin
Saqib, Muhammad
Ali, Muhammad
Jouhar, Rizwan
Faheemuddin, Muhammad
Umer, Muhammad Farooq
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Gradu-ate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (GRANT NO. XXXX)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical and Scientific Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi (Ref: FEB-2017-OPR02) on 17th February 2017. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. For those younger than 16 years, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
