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Authors
Jing, Wudi
Wan, Kuo
Jing, Quan
Ma, Lin
Wang, Shuang
Wang, Xinxin
Tang, Youjia
Zhang, Yuelun
Huo, Jingyi
Zheng, Shuyu
Ou, Minyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (No. 2022-PUMCH-B-035)
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2024
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Painless Dental Center Department of Dentistry, Peking Union Medical College Hospital after approval from the Ethics Review Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (approval no. I-23PJ326). Informed consent was available from all patients included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
