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Authors
Gouda, Hend A.
Hamama, Hamdi H.
Elhindawy, Menatalla M.
Elmahdy, Asmaa S.
Elhawary, Youssry M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mansoura University
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Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
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: All experiments of the current study were performed under the guidance of Declaration of Helsinki. The included premolars in this study underwent extraction for therapeutic indications not linked to the study. Informed consents were taken from all persons receiving dental care at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University. They donated their extracted premolars voluntarily to the researchers to conduct the study. The ethics committee of Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University granted ethical approval (No.A02020822) to this study prior to commencement.The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
