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Authors
Xia, Wenjun
Gu, Qisheng
Song, Yingshuang
Liu, Yunjia
Deng, Xuetao
Qian, Wenhao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Project of Xuhui District Dental Center (SHXYF202203)
Medical Key Subject of Xuhui District (SHXHZDXK202302)
Shanghai Medical Key Specialty (2024ZDXK0048)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital (Approval No.XYF AF/SC-08/01.0). All teeth were extracted for independent clinical reasons. All patients signed informed formal consent allowing the extraction and use of the extracted teeth for experimental purposes. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
