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Authors
Hamdan, Manal
Yu, Kevin W.
Miller, Marguerite
Sidow, Stephanie J.
Badr, Zaid
Uribe, Sergio E.
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the WMA Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. Ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Marquette University was obtained prior to the study [IRB# 4474]. Approval for the collection of the original de-identified radiographic sample was granted, and the need for consent to participate was waived by the University of North Carolina—Adams School of Dentistry under [IRB #19–1430].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
