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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alexandria University
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Alexandria University Faculty of Dentistry (IORG0008839, 0930-06/2024) prior to any research related activities. Refugees were asked to sign an informed consent prior to treatment.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
