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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This in vitro study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Biruni University (Approval No: 2024-BIAEK/12–16). As the study involved extracted human teeth collected under institutional and national regulations, informed consent to participate was waived by the Committee, as no living human subjects or identifiable data were included.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.