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Authors
Luo, Zixin
Xu, Tianru
Yang, Ying
Huang, Jiangyong
Wu, Zhe
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovative Clinical Technique of Guangzhou (2024C-GX36)
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Approval number LCYJ2024003), and the study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. This research was carried out as an in vitro study. Dental-trainees participating in the experiment voluntarily agreed to take part after receiving a formal invitation and being fully informed about the study’s content. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of the research, and their names and other personal information were protected.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
