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Article History

Received: 26 October 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the current study was obtained from Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Date: 06.11.2023, Decision: 12/11). The study protocol was also conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human participants, including research using identifiable human material or data ( ). The study was also conducted retrospectively using radiographs retrieved from our institution’s PACS system. In accordance with the routine institutional workflow, consent for radiographic imaging was obtained from patients and/or their parents at the time of image acquisition. Given the retrospective design and the use of fully anonymized images obtained under routine clinical consent, the ethics committee confirmed that no additional informed consent specific to research use was required. Furthermore, the use of included radiographs for research purposes of this study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and supported by the necessary institutional permissions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.