Kuosmanen, Reetta
Laitala, Marja-Liisa
Anttonen, Vuokko
Tanner, Tarja
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Oulu
Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Change Date: 19 February 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The incorrect link in Ethical section was corrected.
Declarations
:
: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. A statement from the medical ethics committee, and informed consent were not requested as they were not needed according to the Finnish legislation ( ). Under the Finnish Medical Research Act (488/1999), ethical review is not required for non-interventional studies that do not include personal or sensitive data.In this study, the questions of the questionnaire did not involve any intervention affecting the respondents’ physical or psychological integrity and no personal or sensitive data were collected. Participation in the study was voluntary. All phases of data collection, including responding to the questionnaire, were anonymous. No identifying information was collected from the respondents, making individual identification impossible, and so the responses could not be connected with participants at any stages of analysis. Therefore, no ethical approval or informed consent was required under applicable national laws.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.