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Authors
Shirato, Midori
Lehrkinder, Anna
Nakamura, Keisuke
Kanno, Taro
Lingström, Peter
Örtengren, Ulf
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Gothenburg
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Etikprövningsmyndigheten, approval number: Dnr 2021–03933). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For participation in the study, written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
: Not applicable.
: MS, KN, and TK are members of the academia-industry collaboration laboratory at Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, which receives funding from Luke. Co. Ltd., Sendai, Japan. This academia-industry collaboration was examined and approved by the Conflict-of-Interest Management Committee of Tohoku University. Luke. Co., Ltd., had no role in the study design, data collection, interpretation, or decision to submit the work for publication. AL, PL and UÖ declare that they have no competing interests.
