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Authors
Hamalaw, Sonya Jamal
Salih, Hewa Ahmed
Ali, Dilsoz Abdul
Fattah, Ara Omer
Muhamad, Niyaz Omer
Noori, Arass Jalal
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
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: Approval from the Ethics and Research Committee of the College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, was obtained before commencing the study, with approval number 24/241. Informed consent was obtained from all mothers who participated in the study to join in the current research, which involved completing a questionnaire and undergoing an oral examination for both the mothers and their children in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2024) [ ].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
