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Authors
Hassanein, Fatma E.A.
Hussein, Radwa R.
Ahmed, Yousra
El-Guindy, Jylan
Ahmed, Doha E.
Abou-Bakr, Asmaa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-8257
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Galala University
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Article History
Received: 5 August 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (Approval No. FDASU-RecER072508). As this study involved retrospective analysis of anonymized student assessment data without any direct intervention, informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
