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Authors
Abd EL Hamid, Mariam A. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6692-0352
EL Mahallawy, Ahmed S.
Elshatby, Nehad M.
Saber, Mohamed E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alexandria University
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (2013) and approved by the research Ethics Committee of Alexandria University Faculty of Dentistry, Egypt (IRB No. 001056 – IORG 0008839 with ethics no. 0866-02/2024) prior to any research-related activities. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the study objectives and procedures prior to their enrollment.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
