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Authors
Zhang, Xin
Li, Yuanyuan
Wu, Xueying
Lin, Meixiu
Wang, Peipei
Zhao, Bingjiao
Liu, Yuehua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-8873
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Program (2023ZZ02009)
National Key Clinical Program on Orthodontics
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University (No. [2024]040), and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All data were fully anonymized before the analysis was conducted. The requirement for informed consent was waived, as this study is a retrospective analysis of medical records and was deemed unnecessary according to national regulations, specifically Article 39 of the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans in China. The registration number for this study in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry is ChiCTR2500105732 (Registration Date: 9 July 2025).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
