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Authors
Arafa, Abla
Fattouh, Mohamed
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study followed the institutional and national guidelines governing the use of biological specimens of human teeth in scientific research. Ethical approval was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Umm Al-Qura University (Institutional Review Board Approval No.: HAPO-02-K-012-2023-10-1773).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. The study is not a clinical trial, but an in-vitro study. Accordingly, no trial registration, no registration number, no data of registration.
