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Authors
Qiu, Piaopiao
Huang, Jiaqi
Zhang, Huasheng
Liu, Shuai
Dong, Bo
Zhang, Xueming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001008)
Central University Basic Research Fund of Tongji University (22120240389)
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Tongji University (Approval No.: [2023]-SR-96). The use of relevant data extracted from the electronic medical record system was authorized, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
