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Authors
Cao, Ye
Yuan, Siyang
Pan, Yongchu
Yan, Zixin
Wang, Zhendong
Guan, Zhaolan
Liu, Luwei
Yan, Bin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Online Course Research Project for Graduate Students in Medicine and Pharmacy (2024-28)
“Healthy China” Thematic Case Project of the Degree and Graduate Education Development Centre of the Ministry of Education (ZT-2410312003)
Educational Research Project of Stomatology of Nanjing Medical University (2024-01)
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Article History
Received: 16 November 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethical Committee Department, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University (PJ2023-129-001). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
