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Authors
Wafaie, Aisha Fouad https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3906-6886
Zaghloul, Hanaa Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3271-4441
Attia, Yara Sayed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-4996
Hamza, Tamer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-2829
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Misr International University
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Egypt (Approval No. MIU-IRB-00010118; FWA No. 00022887). The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki ( ) and institutional ethical guidelines. The research involved only extracted human teeth with no direct participation of human subjects; hence, informed consent was waived according to institutional regulations.
