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Authors
Ismail, Bassant
Soliman, Zainab
El-Askary, Farid
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Badr University
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The use of freshly extracted human teeth in this study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (FDASU-REC), with approval number FDASU-RecID032004. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. FDASU-REC approved the use of anonymized teeth and waived the requirement for individual patient consent, in accordance with national regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
