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Authors
Abozed, Marwa Ahmed
Fathy, Iman
Wassel, Mariem Osama
El shater, Wael Hamdy
Khattab, Nagwa Mohamed Ali
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
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: The institutional research ethics committee at Ain Shams University ethically approved the collection and storage of teeth, animal handling, and all experimental protocols (ID: FDASU-Rec-IR092204).The guardians of children undergoing orthodontic treatment provided written informed consent to use these teeth for research. The present study was conducted in full accordance with the World Medical Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
