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Authors
Undelikwo, Gabriel
Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel
Ochang, Ernest
Zekeng, Leopold Achengui
Jajere, Fatimah
Anya, Samuel Emetu
Koubagnine, Takpa
Abdullahi, Mohammed
Banke, Abel Ebe
Amusan, Oluwaranmilowo
Undelikwo, Veronica Akwenabuaye
Foláyan, Moréniké Oluwátóyìn
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UNAIDS, Nigeeria (PR 2023/1404226)
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 3 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Institute of Public Health (IPHOAU/12/2408), and Ministries of Health in Benue (MOH/STA/204/260), Borno (190/2023), Cross River (CRS/MH/HREC/023/Vol 1/280 and CRS/MH/HREC/2024/Vol 2/022), Taraba (TRSHREC/2023/APP/034 and TRSHREC/2024/APP/034), and Yobe (MOH/GEN/747/Vol 1) States). The study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki, university regulations governing research involving humans, and the National Code guiding the ethical conduct of research in Nigeria. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study.
: Not applicable.
: Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan is a Senior Editorial Board Member of BMC Oral Health. The other authors have no competing interests to declare.
