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Authors
Eid, Esraa Ahmed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-4601
Hamed, Walaa Mohamed
Abo El Fotouh, Mona Mahmoud
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ain Shams University
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Article History
Received: 6 September 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: The sheep heads used in this study were obtained from a local butcher shop after the animals had been slaughtered for human consumption. No animals were slaughtered specifically for research purposes. As these specimens represent by-products that would otherwise be discarded, informed consent from the butcher or owners was not applicable. The study did not involve any live animals, animal experimentation, or euthanasia procedures.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research received an ethics exemption from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, as it does not involve live animals or human participants.
