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Article History

Received: 23 May 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Extracted human premolars used in this study were obtained from participating dental clinics following routine clinical extractions carried out solely for therapeutic purposes. No teeth were extracted specifically for research, and no clinical decisions were influenced by specimen collection. All samples were fully anonymized prior to use, and no identifiable patient information was collected, accessed, or recorded at any stage.The study involved the secondary use of discarded biological material and posed no risk or burden to patients. In accordance with institutional policy and local ethical regulations, individual informed consent was not required for this type of secondary research using anonymized discarded biological materials. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Manila Central University, Philippines, which served as the responsible ethical review authority for this study, in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.