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Authors
Luchman, Nur Atmaliya
Megat Abdul Wahab, Rohaya
Zainal Ariffin, Shahrul Hisham
Yazid, Farinawati
Nasruddin, Nurrul Shaqinah
Lau, Seng Fong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UKM/03/4)
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: The procedure was performed following the approved guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2016-524). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardian of minor participants and from all adult participants prior to enrolment. The in vivo experiment was designed and performed according to the animal ethical guidelines approved by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Animal Ethical Committee (FD/2018/ROHAYA/26-SEPT.-2018-JUNE-2019).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
